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Chapter 1 — Introduction
10–15% 总字数1.1 研究背景（Background）
[宏观背景句，1–2句] In recent years, [broad topic] has become an increasingly important issue in [field/society]. [2–3句说明该领域的现状和发展趋势，可引用统计数据或权威报告]. This has prompted scholars and practitioners to examine [specific aspect]. [过渡到具体问题] Despite growing interest in [topic], [research gap / problem statement]. In particular, little is known about [specific focus of your study].
1.2 研究目的与问题（Aims & Research Questions）
The primary aim of this study is to [main aim]. Specifically, this research seeks to: 1. [Objective 1: use action verb — investigate / examine / analyse / compare] 2. [Objective 2] 3. [Objective 3, if applicable] The following research questions guide this study: RQ1: [Main research question] RQ2: [Sub-question, if applicable]
1.3 研究意义（Significance / Rationale）
This study makes several important contributions. Theoretically, it [contributes to / extends / challenges] existing understanding of [topic] by [how]. Practically, the findings will be of value to [stakeholders — e.g., educators, policymakers, practitioners] because [why]. Moreover, this research addresses a gap in the literature, as no previous study has [specific gap]. As such, it fills an important void in [field].
1.4 论文结构（Chapter Outline）
The remainder of this dissertation is organised as follows. Chapter 2 reviews the relevant literature and establishes the theoretical framework. Chapter 3 outlines the research methodology, including the research design, data collection methods, and analytical procedures. Chapter 4 presents the findings, and Chapter 5 discusses these findings in relation to the existing literature. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes the study, summarises key contributions, acknowledges limitations, and suggests directions for future research.
Chapter 2 — Literature Review
20–25% 总字数2.1 文献综述引言
This chapter reviews the existing literature on [topic]. The chapter is structured thematically and covers three key areas: [Theme 1], [Theme 2], and [Theme 3]. The review culminates in the identification of a research gap that the present study aims to address.
2.2 主题段落（Thematic Section）
[Theme heading, e.g., 2.2 Social Media and Academic Performance] [Opening sentence introducing the theme] A substantial body of research has investigated [theme]. [Author, Year] found that [finding]. Similarly, [Author, Year] demonstrated that [finding]. However, [Author, Year] reported contrasting results, suggesting that [contradicting finding]. [Critical analysis paragraph] While these studies have advanced understanding of [theme], they share several limitations. First, [limitation 1]. Second, [limitation 2]. Furthermore, [limitation 3]. These gaps suggest that further investigation is warranted.
2.3 理论框架（Theoretical Framework）
This study is informed by [Theory Name], originally proposed by [Author, Year]. [Brief explanation of the theory and its core propositions]. This framework is appropriate for the present study because [reason 1] and [reason 2]. Several previous studies have applied this theoretical lens to examine [related topic] (e.g., Author, Year; Author, Year), providing support for its relevance.
2.4 研究空白（Research Gap）
Despite the considerable body of literature on [topic], significant gaps remain. In particular, no study to date has [specific gap — e.g., examined X in the context of Y / investigated the relationship between X and Z among population P]. Moreover, existing research has predominantly focused on [narrow scope], neglecting [broader/alternative angle]. The present study addresses these gaps by [how your study fills them].
Chapter 3 — Methodology
15–20% 总字数3.1 研究哲学与方法（Philosophy & Approach）
This study adopts a [positivist / interpretivist / pragmatist] research philosophy. [1–2 sentences justifying this paradigm in relation to your research aim]. A [quantitative / qualitative / mixed methods] approach is employed. This approach is appropriate because [justification — e.g., the study seeks to measure and generalise / to explore subjective experiences]. [Optional: cite a methodological reference, e.g., Creswell & Creswell, 2018].
3.2 研究设计（Research Design）
A [cross-sectional survey / case study / experimental / longitudinal] design is adopted. This design is appropriate for the study's aims because it enables the researcher to [rationale]. [If applicable] The unit of analysis is [individual / organisation / document], and the study is conducted within the context of [setting / industry / country].
3.3 样本与抽样（Sampling）
The target population comprises [description of population]. A [purposive / random / snowball / convenience] sampling strategy is employed because [justification]. A total of [n] participants were recruited for this study. [For quantitative: sample size was determined using G*Power, indicating a minimum of n participants to achieve adequate statistical power (α = .05, power = .80, effect size = medium)]. Inclusion criteria: [list criteria] Exclusion criteria: [list criteria]
3.4 数据收集（Data Collection）
Data were collected using [instrument — e.g., an online questionnaire / semi-structured interviews]. [Describe the instrument: number of items/questions, format, and any validated scales used]. [For surveys] The questionnaire was distributed via [platform] between [dates] and remained open for [duration]. A total of [n] responses were received, of which [n] were complete and usable. [For interviews] Interviews were conducted via [Zoom / in person] and lasted approximately [duration] each. All interviews were audio-recorded with participant consent and subsequently transcribed verbatim.
Chapter 4 — Results
15–20% 总字数4.1 描述统计（Descriptive Statistics）
Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics for all study variables. The mean score for [Variable A] was M = X.XX (SD = X.XX), indicating [brief interpretation]. [Variable B] yielded a mean of M = X.XX (SD = X.XX). [For qualitative: A total of [n] themes were identified through thematic analysis, as detailed below.]
4.2 假设检验结果
[Hypothesis 1 / Research Question 1] An independent samples t-test was conducted to compare [DV] between [Group A] and [Group B]. Results indicated [a significant / no significant] difference between groups, t(df) = X.XX, p = .XXX, d = X.XX. As shown in Table 2, [Group A] (M = X.XX, SD = X.XX) scored [higher/lower] than [Group B] (M = X.XX, SD = X.XX). [Repeat structure for each hypothesis/RQ]
Chapter 5 — Discussion
15–20% 总字数5.1 讨论引言
This chapter discusses the findings presented in Chapter 4 in relation to the existing literature and the research questions posed in Chapter 1. The discussion is organised around the three research questions.
5.2 发现解读与文献对话
[Discussion of RQ1 finding] The finding that [result] is consistent with [Author, Year], who found [similar result]. This suggests that [interpretation]. One possible explanation for this is [explanation]. However, this result contrasts with [Author, Year], who reported [different finding]. The discrepancy may be attributable to [methodological / contextual difference]. [Discuss practical and theoretical implications of the finding] These findings have important implications for [practice / policy / theory]. In particular, [specific implication].
5.3 研究局限（Limitations）
Several limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. First, the sample was [non-random / limited in size / drawn from a single context], which limits the generalisability of the findings. Second, the reliance on [self-report measures / cross-sectional design] may have introduced [response bias / inability to establish causality]. Third, [additional limitation]. Future research should address these limitations by [suggestion].
Chapter 6 — Conclusion
5–10% 总字数6.1 总结与贡献
This dissertation set out to [restate aim]. Through [methods], this study has demonstrated that [key finding 1] and [key finding 2]. These findings contribute to the existing literature in two key ways. First, [theoretical contribution]. Second, [practical contribution].
6.2 未来研究方向
Several directions for future research emerge from this study. Future studies should [recommendation 1, e.g., employ longitudinal designs to establish causal relationships]. Additionally, [recommendation 2]. Finally, replication with [different population / larger sample / different context] would strengthen the generalisability of these findings.
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